Genetic and Non-genetic diseases of the liver Research Paper - 1

Genetic and Non-genetic diseases of the liver - Research Paper Example It is because of this that approximately 2 million Americans suffer from alcoholic liver disease (Bouneva et al 2003). Alcoholic liver disease is associated with a constellation of three conditions affecting the liver which include steatosis of the liver (which is commonly referred to as fatty liver), alcohol associated hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Steatosis of the liver is the initial stage which occurs with the formation of droplets of fat in the cells of the liver which leads to enlargement of the liver and gives it a yellow and oily appearance. At this point all the changes of the liver can be reversed and the liver can acquire its normal histological state if the alcohol consumption is stopped. This is followed by the next stage which is the hepatitis of the liver due to alcohol. This is mainly the inflammation of the liver cells. The cells of the liver become swollen followed by the loss of the normal function of the cells. This is accompanied with Mallory bodies as well as the influx of neutrophils in the liver cells and finally it leads to increased fibrosis. The inflammation of the liver can be resolved by stopping the alcohol consumption but it may take an extended period of time. If the disease progresses further it results in the final stage which is known as cirrhosis of the liver which is a condition that cannot be reversed (Walsh et al 1999, Kumar et al 2005, Bouneva et al 2003). There are many risk factors of this pathology which increase the susceptibility of developing this condition. There first risk factor is the amount of alcohol consumed. Increased consumption increases the risk of the disease. The kind of alcohol that a person drinks is also associated with the extent of damage and it is seen that beers are more dangerous for the liver than wine. Malnourished individuals, females, people with deficiency of vitamin E as well as African Americans and Hispanics are at increased risk of developing alcoholic liver

Promote Person Centred Approaches Essay Example for Free

Promote Person Centred Approaches Essay 1.1 Person centred planning (PCP) should encompass every aspect of a service users support. Effective PCP is designed to ensure that the individual’s needs are always central when creating an effective support plan. Aspects such as an individuals goals, history, communication requirements, likes, dislikes and personal preferences should all be dutifully incorporated to create a fair, effective and unique care plan. For example, we have to respect the choices of the User. If the spiritual believes could appear not adequate for us, doesn’t mean that we are right and they are wrong. We need to do everything we can for help to promote adequate and good care for this user respecting their choices, independence and privacy. 1.2 The Care Plan is our bible. It provide all the information we need to provide the care  that the Users desire. The person is at the centre of our work, this mean we need plan and let the person to maintain their independent. Care Plans need to be review regularly to fulfil the individuals needs. Using effective care plans that apply person centres values provides the service user the chance to create a plan that it directly linked to their values and needs. Nobody likes to feel as though a generic method of care is applied when considering his or her support needs. Everyone is unique with requirements that relate exclusively to them 2.3 It is important to remain flexible when considering a service users support needs. An individual will always be changing and growing so it is important that this is reflected within their care plan. For example when I have previously supported NP goals relating to his ability to gain confidence whilst walking outside had to be met in a way that made the goal attainable. At first a goal of independent walking had been included within his IPP however any strict detail as to why and how this were to be most effectively achieved had to be assessed whilst communicating with him during our 1:1 support sessions. It turned out hat this goal was advised so that he could gain the confidence to go to work independently  without the need to get a life from his relative. As we would commonly visit the supermarket we created a method whereby the journey to the local supermarket was broken into segments where he would walk independently, slowly managing a further and further distance each week. Had I said that he should walk the entire journey by himself without breaking it down into manageable steps this goal would have not been completed. Therefore the effective completion of this goal was only attained through the needs of the individual being met on a personal level. 3.1 Mental capacity can be a complicated and ever adapting benchmark when assessing a person’s ability to do what is best for themselves. People must always be allowed to make mistakes as this will always be an inalienable human right of any individual. Ensuring that people do not put themselves or anyone else in direct  and immediate danger is the reason behind why the mental capacity act has been created. Factors such as anxiety and tiredness can affect an individuals ability to express consent which is reflective of their true needs. When a care plan is created it is always best to do it at a time and place where a service user feels relaxed and able to express their needs in a manner that is in alignment with their true feelings. For example at time times when I have supported ES he has been unable to convey a true account of his feelings due to being anxious at the time. If this is the case it is best for ES to spend some time doing relaxation exercises so that he can effectively participate in the design of his IPP. 3.3 For example when we admin Medications Stop any other activities we are doing, check and read all the information we have (care plan, MAR chart, blister pack ) Log in the LogBook. If anything happen, report immediately to line manager, inform the user and report it in the LogBook. If consent cannot be readily established an assessment of the persons capacity would need to be carried out. Firstly it would have to be considered that the individual understands what they are being asked to do, why they are being asked to do it and to what the concequences of their  choices may be. It is worth considering if they are relaxed, tired or preoccupied at this time. It can be beneficial to implement relaxation exercises to try and calm down a service user or even getting in touch with their family to ensure that their needs are fully met. If they are putting themselves or anyone else in immediate danger it can at points be necessary to contact emergency services depending on the severity of the situation. However this should always remain a the last option available when trying to diffuse a situation. 4.1 Encouraging people to do as much as possible for themselves , settings goals and task. Listening and acknowledging someone strengths and weakness. Allow individuals time to think and evolve in what they want to do. Recognising achievements however big or small they have made. If they cannot understand or make decisions by their self, the next of kin will be informed and asked. The order usually is spouses, parents, children (this may change) 5.3 Risk assessments are a vital part to an individuals care plan. It ensures that they will not be putting themselves or anyone else in danger. Whilst being an important part of any care plan they should remain as non invasive as possible to ensure that a service users retains the right to make their own choices. Certain risk assessments will contain a higher risk factor than others. It is when risks such as crossing road in a dangerous manner are enacted that the service users choice can become secondary to the fact that they are putting themselves in immediate danger. Risk factors such as ones that relate to dietary factors often have a smaller risk factor making it more possible to fully involve the service user in the decision making process when trying to effectively manage the risk in question. 5.4 Ensuring they have the correct information and know when these decision were made on their behalf. Inform them of the rights that they have. Assisting on searching of more information which that may help them make their decisions. If they would  like to make a complaint, inform them the Company policy and help them in  making the complaint if necessarily 6.1 : Personal Identity is the way we see our self and is related to our self image. This is important because it we will affect the way we feel about our self ( self esteem ) Personal Identity includes: Who we are What make us unique What are our values Physical identity Internal Identity Personals Goals 6.2 Those can be very different for different reasons but everyone can reach a good level of fulfilment. For someone could be physical or mental health. Is important that everyone knows this fact because will improve well-being and therefore our level or care. For example one person is important be eating a health meal or for another is not important. Or for an individual is important go to church but for other is more appealing watching a TV show. 6.3 When supporting an individual it is important to make sure that you can meet their needs in a way that promotes their sense of identity, self-image and self-esteem. When I have supported MC he has explained about how he has felt unfairly treated at work. This was mainly due to his lack of career progression as well a request for a transfer not being met, although having been promised. To help with this we constructed an information leaflet about his condition, which we gave to his employers so that they were fully aware of how to best interact with him. I also started communicating with his employer about getting a transfer to a branch that was closer to where he lived. As a result of this he has now been transferred closer to where he lives as well as feeling more valued as an employee. This has helped with develop his self-identity and self image through an increased sense of self worth as well as helping to improve his self-esteem. 7.1 A Risk Assessment will be done depending on the circumstances and surrounding. Like if the user live in the community or live in a care home. The risks are different in those scenarios and different actions need to be taken for make the living area safe. Risk assessments help decipher whether an individual needs 1:1 support or 2:1 support. They can also allow health  care professionals to implement safeguarding techniques to guarantee that the service user will not come into harm. This can include procedures such as giving individuals location devices if they are prone to wondering of whilst not being fully aware of their actions amongst many other advantageous practices to ensure the individuals safety. 7.2 The purpose of risk assessment is to eliminate any risk that may cause harm or loss to both service user and carer worker. However, in relation to the service user is important to remember their human rights are respected. For example the right to choose. If they are assessed also for a Mental Health Capacity and the outcome show that they are able to decide they are allow to make unwise or eccentric decisions. However it is important to identify the risk or possible outcomes, inform the Service User which will support to make a decision that will possibly involve taking some risks. 7.3 : Everyone’s circumstances could change over time in better or worse. Is important to identify any furthers changes or risks so the care plan can reflect the person immediate needs. Also people opinions and what they wants may change. Is important to keep the â€Å"person centred care approach† in mind all the times and during reviews. Also keep in mind our duty of care. the goal of effective support is help empower service users to the point where they feel able to lead an independent and rewarding life. As this is the goal of any support provider they must be aware that for one to achieve this they need to learn to manage the risks that they are subjected to in an independent manner. Therefore as a person grows and develops towards a heightened state of independence it is important to let them take control of their own lives and that means realising that risks that they may have formerly posed a threat to their well being will be withdrawn as they will know how to autonomously manage these hazards themselves.

Siberian Prison System :: Russian Russia History

Siberian Prison System PRISON SYSTEM IN SIBERIA My project is dedicated to description of the history of Siberia as a place to where send prisoners--from the days of Ivan the Terrible until today. I will tell about the reasons for choosing Siberia as place of exile, the system of prisons and conditions in Siberian prisons. Choosing Siberia as a Place of Exile As with other Western powers that gained colonies overseas, the acquisition of Siberia led to making it a place of exile. Criminal and political prisoners had been sent to Siberia for more than three centuries; millions of people, in total, were deported there. Due to its remoteness and severe weather conditions 'Russian Australia' was one huge prison, escape from where was almost impossible and very dangerous not only because of the chase, but because of the Siberian killing frosts, unimaginably long distances, bounty-hunting natives, deep forests and wild animals. Another reason for establishing punishment by exile was the desire of society to banish still cruel and barbarous criminal code of XVII century according to which criminals had been punished by amputation of their limbs, being bastionadoed, and being branded with hot iron. Exile was quick and easy method of getting them out of the way. The punishments, however, didn't become more human e. They just began to happen far away from where most of the people could see them. Before making Siberia place of exile criminals died from being tortured in Moscow; after they died from the hard, exhausting work, cold winters, and diseases in Siberia. Although originally applied as a corporal punishment, exile can be viewed as a means of population and developing the colony. Government needed people to work in Siberian mines and to build roads, and penal servitude began to replace long prison terms, while list of offences meriting exile steadily lengthened to include even vagrancy, fortune-telling, wife-beating, debts, accidentally starting a fire or drunkenness. In 1754 death penalty was abolished for some years and replaced with exile at hard labour. Convoy to Siberia Until the middle of the XIX century, most of the convicts had to walk to the place of their exile from their homes. Often the journey took years--the distances walked measured thousands of kilometres. They walked from etape (transit prison) to etape. Until the beginning of XVIII century there was almost no long-range planning and even supervision of exiles was extremely negligent. Convicts had to beg their way because there was almost no food provided for them.

Hosue On Mango Street :: essays research papers

3 Sandra Cisnero’s The House on Mango Street is an well-incorporated story told through vignettes shorts sections that piece by piece fit into a puzzle and reveal a theme. This unique story is about a disadvantaged young Chicana girl, named Esperanza, growing up in a poor neighborhood where she feels she does not belong. She does not like what she experiences, and constantly searches for a new future. As Esperanza grows and changes throughout the book, she realizes that women in her culture are treated unfairly, and makes a conscious choice not to fall into the same trap as the women around her. 4 Women all around Esperanza, such as Minerva and Sally, are held hostage, within their own acceptance of an unjust cultural fate. For example, Minerva is a young girl who constantly prays for better luck, and a happier life, but enables her husband to take advantage of her, and therefore sets the path for her unsatisfactory life. â€Å" One day she is through and lets him know enough is enough. Out the door he goes. Clothes, records, shoes. Out the window and the door locked. However, that night he comes back and sends a big rock through the window. Then he is sorry and she opens the door again. Minerva finds herself forgiving without truly seeing that her husband is sorry. She used marriage as a way out from her undesirable life, yet her married life still carries the same characteristics. And so, without fighting for a satisfactory life she settles with the hand she is dealt. 5 Furthermore, Sally, an innocent friend of Esperanza, tries to escape her father’s cruel beatings through marriage, but her circumstances do not change, her husband still treats her as her father has in the past. â€Å" He won’t let her talk on the phone. In addition, he does not let her look out the window. In addition, he does not like her friends so nobody can visit her unless he is working. Sally’s father controlled her and now it is her husband; she thinks that she is escaping when in reality she is just giving the leash to someone else. Sally chose the easiest way out of her life, marriage, she did not see the unfavorable life of the women near her, she just chose a route to flee, without thinking of her future. 6 All in all the women around Esperanza have all taken an easy escape from their surroundings leading them into another life of the same disappointment; and now accept their unhappy consequences, thinking that there is no way-out.

Panama Canal’s Legacy in American History

Assuredly the Panama Canal, If you didn’t know already, was one of the most economic and socialized marvels of its time. It was, at first, attempted by the French in the late 1800s, but they were unable to carry out the canal because of financial problems. Not only that, but yellow fever and malaria flooded the campgrounds with the aid of mosquitoes, which made the workforce unbalanced (Avery). Then in 1904, the Americans were to take over under the leadership and guidance of President Theodore Roosevelt. Even then Americans had a difficult time with construction. Moreover, with the canal built, it’s more sufficient then sailing around the tip of South America. Even today, the canal is used several times a day to bring benefits to the U. S. The French Admittedly, the French owned the Panama Canal before the U. S. Therefore, they were entitled to its construction under the leadership of Ferdinand de Lesseps, who worked on the Suez Canal in earlier years (Avery). Either Nicaragua or Panama would be the location for this engineered creation. Nicaragua was intentionally the first location for the canal (Jones) until one of the French leaders, one day, received a letter in the mail. As usual, the letter had a postage stamp on it (Avery). From there, Panama was then chosen to become the passageway, for the stamp showed Nicaragua’s terrain with erupting volcanoes, in which they didn’t want that to destroy their plans (Avery). From there, Engineers were sent to survey the area (Avery). Since the area was owned to the Columbian court, they had to persuade them to grant permission to build the canal (Jones). Finally, they were given permission to precede with their construction plans (Avery). Ferdinand De Lesseps. The man in control, Ferdinand de Lesseps, was an older man who was completely vain from his earlier success in the Suez Canal (Avery). To him, the Panama Canal would be no different. Clearly, he believed that the Panama Canal would be done quicker than the Suez, but was mistaken for in Panama consisted of nothing but mountains and rocky soil (Avery). In Egypt, it was only sand. His idea of the canal was that it would become a sea leveled canal, like the Suez and be parallel to the Panama Railroad that was built by the Americans earlier in the 1800s (Avery). With Him, a man named General Stephen Turr, who was a close Hungarian companion of de Lesseps, decided to help him in the canal (Avery). With Turr, the canal would be two thirds of the way done from the Rio Grande to the city of Colon, but it would be a take time and many lives, for Panama was infested with monstrous diseases that could kill men within forty eight hours. Disease Yellow Fever and Malaria roamed the French and, of course, American construction sites. Stegomya faciata was the species of mosquito that carried these diseases from one person to the next (Easmon). Thousands of men died from these diseases that, at first, seemed like a case of influenza because your body would be using a vast amount of substance to rid the infection (Easmon). Pursuing this further, it would worsen to a more serious case of the disease. Yellow fever is intellectually known as virus that has been transmitted from primates to humans through mosquitoes (Easmon). When the mosquito bit into the primate, it would then become permanently infected with the disease and ends up developing in the mosquitoes salivary glands to be spread to other organisms, which in this case, humans (Easmon). When bitten, the virus would travel into the bloodstream to make its way into the liver, kidneys, or blood vessels to incubate through time period of three to sixteen days before symptoms would occur (Easmon). Symptoms included headache, diarrhea, vomiting and anorexia. Soon after the body would recover for a time period of twenty four hours before it became more serious (Easmon). During this time the body would experience anemia (yellowing of the skin), liver inflammation, and jaundice, in other words, yellowing of the eyes (Easmon). Hence the reason it was given that name yellow fever (Easmon). The kidneys would become infected as well and cause the person to bleed from the nose, mouth and stomach (Easmon). What was interesting, though, was that the West Indian Negroes, which worked on the canal, were somehow immune to yellow fever, but they severely suffered from malaria (Avery). Malaria, on the other hand, was far off more deadly then Yellow fever for it consisted of parasites (Malaria). An engineer once quoted â€Å"If we could control malaria, I would be less anxious about other diseases. If we cannot control malaria, our mortality is going to very heavy† (American Canal Construction). Consequently, these infections developed in mosquito salivary glands as well and reproduce in the liver (Malaria). Above all, this incubation period could last for months to a year at a time (Malaria). When the parasites leave the liver they reenter the bloodstream where they are able to infect red blood cells to reproduce once again until the cell bursts (Malaria). As a result, it caused anemia and jaundice from the lack of blood cells (Malaria). Other symptoms include seizures, confusion, coma and death (Malaria). Thus, the French were not able to keep up with the rapid growth of infected patients. They had only a few nurses in the infirmary that where nuns and it didn’t benefit them at all since they were untrained, which lost even more lives (Avery). For example, the nurses would leave in the evening without giving any other care to the patients, which could have prevented the deaths of several lives if was brought up (Avery). Victims of disease were actually contained in screened cases with buckets of water to prevent insects from crawling up the beds (Avery). This created a breeding ground for mosquitoes (Avery). Later on, when the Americans took over they prevented this by oiling cesspools and canisters, fumigating Panama City, and ridding stagnant waters (American Canal Construction). Financial Problems Eight years after the French started the canal; they experienced financial problems with getting the canal finished. Ferdinand De Lesseps proceeded to travel back to France to attempt to find loans (Jones). He soon found out that France could not afford the vast amount he was asking for, which was around three million francs. The country could only pay eight percent of that amount (Jones). Engineers gathered together to calculate and survey the canal to discuss the completion of it and decided that it could not be done (Avery). Finally, in 1889, the French abandoned the Canal project pay back loans (Avery). In the final analysis, they were only able to finish two fifths of the canal (Avery). Most of the money that they used went to camp rent and maintenance, supplies, property and medical necessities, but non advised buying and those who stole money for possession greatly affected the outcome(Avery). One anonymous member of the French once quoted that â€Å"one part expended on the canal work, one third wasted, and one third stolen†. They left the canal up to America to finish the job and in 1894 the Americans had taken full control over the canal with Theodore Roosevelt’s leadership and power (Avery) President Theodore’s Impact President Roosevelt was first elected into office in 1901 (This Great Enterprise). For him, the canal could be easily used for military and economic power(This Great Enterprise). To peruse this even farther, he started negotiating Columbia for the possession for the canal. He offered forty million dollars to gain their permission to finish the canal, but Columbia refused (Buschini). Roosevelt became enraged with their decision, but Roosevelt knew that Panama was preparing to revolt against Columbia and decided to join them (Buschini). He then quoted â€Å"I was prepared to at once to occupy the Isthmus anyhow and proceed to dig the canal, but I deemed it likely that there would be a revolution in Panama soon† (Buschini). He then sent marines and gunboats to gain control over the canal and successfully forced Columbia to accept his request and grant Panama’s Independence (This Great Enterprise). In conclusion, the Panamanians and Roosevelt negotiated the Hay Bureau Varilly Treaty (Jones) that would trade U. S. military power for the independence of Panama and entitle the U. S. construction for the Panama Canal (This Great Enterprise). Many Americans didn’t approve of Roosevelt’s act against Columbia for the reason that they believed it was deemed unconstitutional, but Theodore Roosevelt Resumed his work and announced that â€Å"I took the Isthmus, started the canal, and then left congress—not to debate the canal, but to debate me†¦ While the debate goes on, the canal does to; and they are welcome to debate me as long as they wish, provided that we can go on with the canal†(Buschini). As Americans Built the Canal, they found several warehouses containing Machinery and supplies (Avery). Several Machines were found under water as well and allowed Americans to use them for spare parts (Avery). Also locomotives, cranes and other machinery were used to get the Panama Canal under way (Avery). Steam shovels were used instead of ladder dredges and Dump cars were loaded with soil to be shipped out of the area on the Panama Railroad (Avery). The Plan for America was to make the sea level canal into a lock canal with the depth of twenty nine and a half feet and ninety eight feet wide(Avery). Finally in 1914, the Panama Canal was able to open under the presidency of Woodrow Wilson (This Great Enterprise). To make sure there was no tension between the Columbian court and America, he negotiated a treaty paying Columbia twenty five million dollars to dissolve any potential conflicts (This Great Enterprise). Later on in 1978, President Jimmy Carter created a treaty to be ratified by the Senate that the Panama Canal would be given back to the people of panama to own and manage by the year 2000(This great Enterprise). The Canal’s Effect on the U. S. Indeed, the Panama Canal’s legacy brought several economic and social benefits for the U. S. In the U. S. it would create several more jobs to aid the canal’s shipment process and contain inflation for the hassle of transporting goods and by traveling around South America (Panama Canal). Since prices would decrease on imported goods, the American people would gain more money to spend on other necessities. In return, this would boost America’s economy through spending. The only consequences that resulted from this achievement was that it cost America three hundred and fifty two million dollars to complete the canal in addition to several acres of tropical forests were destroyed, people were driven from their homes and several lives were lost through disease and natural causes (Panama Canal). Socially, this canal would allow military alliances stronger between America and other countries and showed its importance through foreign intervention. To pursue these even farther, treaties were also created through the canal’s construction that brought America and other countries together as well (Panama Canal). Conclusion All in all, it has taken the Panama Canal about four decades to be completed. Through the French’s financial problems to America’s success in 1920, several hardships were created and overcome. America’s success would never have been accomplished if it wasn’t the determination of President Theodore Roosevelt and his revolt against Columbia. Even though the French were unsuccessful to complete the canal, they still have the right to know that they aided the Americans by leaving assets for repair, spare parts, and aving the U. S. thousands of dollars in medical centers, cabins, tools and supplies. Several lives were lost as well through Panama’s horrific diseases and other factors such as landslides, but it’s social and economic impact on America greatly affected its economy and alliances through military aid and trades. Through the twentieth century, the legacy of the panama was one of the most social and economic investments of its time and will always and forever be a part of America’s success.

System Information on Home Care Essay Example

System Information on Home Care Essay Example System Information on Home Care Essay System Information on Home Care Essay It has become a trend to surf the Internet in order to gather information about the diseases.   The patient to know more of the disease and the means by which home care can be provided is increasingly using it.   Some amount of this information may helpful, but the Internet is increasing being misused, and a lot of incorrect information is circulating about.  Ã‚   People often consider any information put up on the Internet as valid and tend to follow it (in diagnosing and treating the disease).   However in all cases, the source of information and a discussion with the medical professional is also required to clear all doubts.   Hence, it would be better if we examine this information with some amount of caution (NCI, 2005). Before the information is taken into consideration several points need to be considered including: The organization that operates the website. The organization that sponsors the website. The original source of the data available on the website. The intention of the website. Documentation provided of the information. The ability of the website to update and review the information The process of reviewing and updating. The currency of the information. Originality of the sources Accessibility of the information Accuracy of the information Complete nature of the information Simplicity of the language Disclaimer to demonstrate the limitations, currency, accuracy and authority of the information User-friendliness and easiness in using the website Availability of a search box to search within the website itself Attractive appearance of the website Ability to appeal to the audience Presence of links to suggest extra information to the interested audience Collection of information from the user The assurance of maintaining confidentiality of the user Communication with the users Provision of news letters and emails for the users Compliance with the laws and regulations regarding demonstration of information on the web site Provision of healthcare and ensuring that the patient has a positive outcome is usually ensured by a partnership between the patient and the hospital/physician. People may actually search a disorder and know what it actually is even before they would be consulting a physician.   Once a physician diagnosis the condition, the patient would like to crosscheck with a web site of what the physician said is true.   When the physician suggests a particular treatment for the condition, the patient would search the Internet to gather information of what the outcome of the treatment would be and if there are any advanced treatment offered by other healthcare organizations.   If the physician administers a drug, the patient would surf the Internet to determine if any side effects exist due to the consumption of the drug.   Some patients may also search the Internet to gather information regarding the actual place they would get help in treating a particular condition they are suffering from.   E-health emerged in the year 1997 and in the year 2000, more than 70 million people are using the Internet every year either to gather health information or to search for healthcare provider.   To enable e-health, 4 components are required namely, availability of health information, the presence of the physician and the patient, connectivity and the patient’s information accessibility.   The healthcare providers are putting up information so that patient’s are able to find medical care.   A healthcare provider would try its best to attract patients by putting up health information on its web site that sounds interesting and appealing to the patient.   They would also give information of the physicians and the specialists who would be providing the treatment.   The hospital would get its quality statement across to the patient by having accreditation with several quality control organizations in the US.   Besides, providing information of the servi ces provided and the physician’s available, they would also provide information regarding the cost of the treatment, the various health packages available and the information of diseases diagnostic tests, and treatment procedures.   Usually, elders and the sick would find it difficult to turn to the Internet to get information.   About 50 % of the patients who require information from the Internet get somebody else to do it on their behalf (Shapiro, 2003). Many professionals consider that the Internet would have a strong role on healthcare in at least the next 50 years.   It is also helping to replace the case sheets of the patients with electronic health records.   The information can be feed, stored, processed and accessed on any place from the network of the hospitals (Hollander, 2001). Usually patients, who seek information on the Internet, would be doing it casually and would not follow scientific search criteria.   Most patients would be seeking to view information from commercial websites.   The information presented in such web sites may be such that it promotes a product or service sold by the company.   The medical advice may persuade the patient to go in for that treatment or tests.   Besides, information presented by commercial organizations may not follow a scientific background or evidence-based practice guidelines.   Patients would also be looking for material presented in a simple and easy to follow manner.   The patients would not be looking for credentials of the author or the organization that actually creates such information.   Graphics and the manner in which the information is presented to the patient would also attract the patient and would sound convincing enough to be trusted in.   This needs to be changed as several patients m ay be harmed due to faulty information put in the Internet. On the other hand, the service provider and the physician would be seeking information on the internet to upgrade their medical knowledge and to make sure that they have the intellectual resources that would help answer the patient’s queries.   The Internet itself would be persuading the patient to quiz the doctor about several aspects regarding their treatment.   It would not be right for the physician not to answer these questions, as it would go against the principles of medical ethics.   If the physician is able to answer these queries, then the patient would be having greater amount of confidence and trust in the physician.   The physicians and the service provider would be looking at sources that provide validated and authentic information.   Besides, he would also try to ensure that the information is current and has is evidence-based.   Such information would have good outcomes clinically.   The physician would also be checking the references of the infor mation.   Some of the types of web sites preferred by the physician include governmental organizations, universities, medical libraries, research institutes, etc. Although, there may be a lot of good information existent on the Internet, the potential of a small amount of information to cause harm has resulted in the felt need to exert more caution whilst using the information.   A greater number of instances in which the internet has resulted in harm and damage of the body and the mind is required so that people would be more careful in the future of using such information.   At present instances of harm and damage are very superficially known to us.   People should know that although the chances of harm are low, they are realistic if no proper precautions are exerted whilst using this information.   Usually peer-reviewed journals existent on the Internet do not concentrate on the ill effects or complications of any procedure or drug, but on its efficacy and benefits.   Hence, people consider these benefits and effectiveness first rather than the complications and the side effects.   Some people may also know of the chances of com plications, but consider it to be realistically low.   People who often use the Internet for medical advice and later suffer from certain ill effects or complications may not like to reveal it to others.   They begin to feel guilty and intimidated for using the non-routine means to solve their medical problems.   Hence, a significant number of instances in which people suffer from the ill effects of using medical information remain to be silent (Crocco, 2002).

War on Iraq essays

War on Iraq essays The Bush administration officials are making plans for a major invasion of Iraq that could come as early as this fall. The Bush administration feels that attacking Iraq and overthrowing Saddam Hussein is part of the campaign against terrorism and is needed to prevent Iraq's development of weapons of mass destruction. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States has been on high alert and is willing to do anything to assure the safety of the American people. War against Iraq, the destruction of its infrastructure and the killing of Iraqi citizens and U.S. soldiers would be a crime against humanity. It is imperative that we do all we can to prevent this catastrophe. Saddam Hussein cannot be trusted. The risk is simply too great that he will use instruments of mass death and destruction or provide them to a terrorist network, said Bush.(Newsday, October 6, 2002) The United States doesnt have the authority to invade Iraq on assumptions and predictions. There is no justification for war. Iraq has not attacked or threatened the United States, and there is no evidence linking Iraq to the attacks of September 11, 2001. The Bush Administration has failed to produce credible evidence that the Iraqi regime has any links whatsoever with Al Qaeda. None of the September 11 hijackers were Iraqi, no major figure in Al Qaeda is Iraqi, nor has any part of Al Qaeda's money trail been traced to Iraq. An attack on Iraq could result in thousands of innocent victims being killed. A military overthrow of Saddam Hussein would require U.S. forces to occupy Iraq in hostile circumstances for quite some time. One of the goals of the Bush administration is to pr event the use of weapons of mass destruction. If attacked, what is stopping Saddam Hussein from using these weapons against the United States troops attacking, or even Israel? These weapons could be chemical or biological and can cause severe damage. ...

5 Ways to Use Rest and Reflection to Make Learning Stick

5 Ways to Use Rest and Reflection to Make Learning Stick Memory is sticky. Rest is good for learning. These are two of the most recent findings about learning from the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (October 2014) by Margaret Schlichting, a graduate student researcher, and Alison Preston, an associate professor of psychology and neuroscience. The study Memory Reactivation during Rest Supports Upcoming Learning of Related Content describes how the researchers gave participants given two learning tasks that required them to memorize different series of associated photo pairs. Between the tasks, participants could rest for several minutes and could think about anything they chose. Brain scans on participants who used that time to reflect on what they had learned earlier in the day did better on tests later. These participants also performed better with additional   information, even if the overlap pertaining to what they learned later was small. Weve shown for the first time that how the brain processes information during rest can improve future learning, said Preston, explaining that letting the brain wander to previous experiences helped solidify new learning. So how might educators use the information from this study? Educators who provide students the time to develop a secure grasp of content through rest and reflection give student brains an opportunity to increase synaptic transmission along the neural pathways that are tasked with a particular form of learning. Rest and reflection makes those transmissions connect to other background knowledge, and those connections become stronger, which means learning is more likely to stick.   For teachers wanting to take advantage of these findings in how brains work,   there are several different strategies to try that allow for reflections when new content is introduced: 1.Think-jot-pair-share: Give students several minutes to think about new learning beginning with the simplest question, â€Å"What do I already know about this new content and how can that help me better understand?† This is the â€Å"rest† period, so give students time to think first without writing.Give students time to reflect and jot down their responses   (doodle, map, outline, notes). This is the reflection period.Have students pair or group and share their responses with each other.Have each pair or group share out what they already know and how this knowledge might help them. 2. Reflective journaling: Reflective journaling is a practice where students are provided time to think deeply and write about a learning experience. This involves the student writing about: What happened (positive and negative);Why it happened, what it means, how successful it was;What the student (personally) learned from the experience. 3. Mindmapping: Give students time to think (rest period) as they use the powerful cognitive strategy that combines graphics and   spatial awareness have students start in the center of a piece of paper and use a central image that is connected to new learningHave students branch out in lines and add additional images that are related to the central imageMake the lines curved and encourage the use of color to make the mind map Limit the number of words to one per line 4. Exit Slip This strategy requires students reflect on what they have learned and express what or how they are thinking about the new information by answering a   prompt given by the teacher. Providing time for students to think first,this strategy is an easy way to incorporate writing into many different content areas.    Examples of exit slip prompts: The most important thing I learned today was†¦Summarizing what I learned in 20 words:I need help with†¦I would like to learn about†¦My   understanding of today’s topic from 1-10 is a ___ because,..... 5. The 3,2,1,bridge This routine can be introduced by having students do an initial 3, 2, 1 set of reflections individually on paper.    Before new content is introduced, students are asked to  write down 3 thoughts, 2 questions, and 1 compare or contrast statement on a topic that will be taught;After the topic is introduced, students complete another 3,2,1 3 thoughts, 2 questions, and 1 compare/contrast statement or analogy;  Students then share both their initial and new thinking and draw a bridge between the before new learning and after new learning. The share the bridge with other students. Whatever strategy is selected, educators that provide time for rest and reflection when new content is introduced are educators that allow students to use their prior knowledge or memories to make new learning stick.  Spending the time for reflection with any of these strategies when new material is introduced will mean that students will need less time for reteaching later.

Context paper English 105 Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Context English 105 - Research Paper Example The centre has proved itself as a sign of prosperity and hope for the locals. Their primary mission is to assist children and families in the areas of Terra haute, â€Å"which is one of the most impoverished areas† (Goyder par. 2). They serve families who lack education facilities, unemployment, hunger and poverty. The main advantage of their program is that their services are free of cost to all children who walk to them for help. They provide free meals service, educational support, sports training, crisis interventions, computer education etc to the youth, who are in need of assistance. The main purpose of the Ryves Youth Center is â€Å"to address the needs of the youth and to give them a better chance in life† (The White House). The center provides after school services to youth, who lacks provisions at home and they provide free games, homework help, food and care to them. They serve thousands of inner city youth.  Most of these youths do not have guardians to take care of them and these youths belong to below poverty line. â€Å"Approximately 95% of the youths attending Ryves Youth Center live at or below the poverty level and many of them don’t have a permanent home, move frequently throughout the year, or are homeless† (Ryves Community Optimist Club (RCOC) par. 3). These children lack the advantages that other kids with parents have. Most of the children have experienced or witnessed physical, sexual and emotional abuse, suicidal thoughts, low self esteem and anger control. They are homeless or castaways and majority of those children f eel lost and alone. Ryves Youth Center provides shelter to these kids and takes care of the children like their own kids. They give them guidance and hope for the future. They shape them to be a better person, create a whole new world for them and keep them off the streets.    Education is given top priority in the

Denvor Airport Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Denvor Airport Case - Essay Example The primary source for analysis of the project will be an article which was originally published as a Harvard Business School Case Study. After analysis of the planning and resource management capabilities of BAE in carrying out the Baggage Handling System and its consequences, workable recommendations will be made for further improvement in the company’s efficiency in the areas of planning, control and resource management. Performance of a project depends greatly on its planning and resource management capabilities since these capabilities play a vital role in success or failure of any project. The present study will strive to investigate the relationship between the planning and resource management capabilities of BAE Automated Systems Inc. in installation of an automated baggage handling system and the problems faced by the stakeholders in implementing the project which ended up into a failure. Thus, the focus of the study will be on planning and control aspects of the automated baggage handling system project. To analyze the planning and control aspects of the company it is important to understand what the project was and what expectations were attached with the completion of the project. The automated baggage handling system project was part of the greater Denver International Airport project. Denver International Airport (DIA) is considered to be one of the world’s largest airports. The DIA project was a huge and involved enormous construction and installation tasks. The construction began in 1989 but it was only in the 1992 that the Project Management Team (PMT) realized that an airport-wide integrated baggage-handling system should be included in the project in order to improve the efficiency of luggage delivery (p. 23). The objective of installing the new system was to improve ground time efficiency and to reduce the time which is spent in manual baggage sorting and handling. The

Succession planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Succession planning - Essay Example This is because the company was prompted by the varying statistics of the workforce. However, in 1995, the company realized that most women who were successful to attain the vice president level were the white women. Out of these results, the company’s Chairman and CEO who was heading the company at that time used the leaders who were reporting directly to him to develop women of different races in order to be represented in the vice-presidents position. The leaders had big roles to play to develop and monitor workers from the minority groups, especially women from other races apart from the whites. The company ensured that women of other races benefited from all the succession planning process within the company. The structure of succession planning used by the company involved the following: First, it involves making a commitment. Individuals in the top management should be committed to succession planning. They should be prepared mentally to handle abrupt loss in the organization resulting from death, disability, resignation and retirement. Secondly, it involves assessing the current work requirement and competence of individuals. Those involved in decision making in the company should ensure the work to be done and the output requirement is clarified. Thirdly, individual performance should be appraised. A company should eliminate any existing barriers to individual performance and encourage them to do their best. This can be achieved through establishment of performance management systems. Fourthly, it involves assessing future requirements output among individuals. Those involved in the decision making should come up with necessary competences which will enable the organization to be suc cessful. The fifth step involves assessing individual potential. An organization should come up with ways of assessing what individuals are capable of in present and future

Solicitors and Barristers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Solicitors and Barristers - Essay Example eyes, ears, hands or legs - and they either work in unison or complement each other in such a way that the result or consequence is seen as a perfect acceptance by a single receptor. This perfect, clock-like arrangement of the human organ pairs prove the point that in order to achieve greater, faster, easier and more accurate results, sometimes it becomes necessary to break up functions or decentralize so that there is greater efficiency in performance. Law, a study and practice followed by both, solicitors and barristers, has a great historical origin. (Symmetry in homes)1. The legal code began to take shape and take roots as early as the 8th century BC when the Greeks first became a world power and a with a firm, military discipline, laid the foundations of a system of law which was initially draconian. However, it was superseded by a more methodical and humane system by Solon. Finding themselves in confusion due to violent revolt by the people, the oligarchy called upon Solon, known for his wisdom and uprightness, to establish a rule of law. Following a course of a difficult, bloody period of wars and dissension, Solon drafted an all-encompassing legal code which found favor with the oligarchy. (A History of Ancient Greece)2 The Romans were responsible for improving upon the Spartan laws and many of our modern legal concepts were founded by them. They were the first to acknowledge that the citizenry had certain rights and actively pursued means to voice these rights to their people. Civil laws, contract laws, property and personal rights, use of evidence in a court of law, use of a legal will, are some of the legal concepts brought into being by the Romans. (Legal Concepts Based on the Ancient Romans)3. Lawyers Lawyers are called by many names - notably advocates, attorneys, barristers, counselors, solicitors, notaries. A lawyer or attorney at law is an individual licensed by the state to advise clients in legal matters and represent them in courts of law and other legal agencies. Most countries today require professional law advisors in their juridical systems. Different countries have different systems and practices based on which the lawyers are classified. For instance, lawyers are invariably referred to as attorneys or counselors in the USA. In England, the system is more elaborately laid out where the functions for barristers and solicitors are specified. Elsewhere too, the functions are divided and laid out in such manner as is beneficial for speedier and fairer dispensation of justice. Many countries also follow the law system where a person who is not a qualified lawyer could be empanelled as a member of the jury on the strength of his or her social and professional standing. In countries like India, persons with a good history of social service, irrespective of his educational qualificatio ns, are designated as "special magistrates" and allowed to settle certain local disputes. Of course, these are only so at the lower levels where it would be otherwise very difficult to cope with pending cases. (Lawyers, Nature of the work)4. Coming back to the United States, almost anyone can be an attorney. And in this situation, an attorney is similar to an agent, a person who has been formally empowered by someone else to act on behalf of the principal. Lawyers are "attorneys at

Anatomical features Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Anatomical features - Essay Example The â€Å"Lucy† skeleton found at hadar Ethiopia and Dikika also found in Ethiopia. Other features like Footprints and others discovered by paleoanthropologist proved that certain creatures lived on earth millions of years ago before we were born. Australopithecus afarensis is one of the extinct creatures discovered by Paleoanthropologists. Its remains were found in Ethiopia and it lived between close to 4 million years ago (Walter 2002). It was slenderly built. It is believed that A. afarensis was more closely related to modern human species, Homo sapiens The most famous fossil is the partial skeleton named Lucy (3.2 million years old) found by Donald Johanson and colleagues (Esteban 2007). In life, Lucy had a height of roughly 1.1 meters and its weight was about 30 kilograms. Lucys skeleton gave signs that she was bipedal. The shape of lucys pelvis was a good reason to believe that she was bipedal. Another proves is femurs angle from hip socket to the knee joint, her skull was the same size as that of a chimpanzee (Esteban 2007). Lucy had one pelvic bone and made it difficult to tell the gender The feet of Lucy were far apart, and each hind leg descends straight to the ground beneath the hip socket. The tibiae drop straight to the ground. Lucy teeth were resemblance to that of modern human. She had canine same size like that of human being. Fingers were curved in such away that it suggests they grasp branches as they climb. Its iliac blades were short and seem wide. Its sacrum was wide and positioned directly behind the hip joint. Lucy had had much smaller and more v-shaped jaws. The footprints found in volcanic ash were similar to features of human leg phalanges and proved o be a creature similar to human. Ardipithecus is a fossil hominoid, described by its discoverers as a very early hominin genus. Aramidus lived about 4.4 million years ago. It was Like

Solicitors and Barristers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Solicitors and Barristers - Essay Example eyes, ears, hands or legs - and they either work in unison or complement each other in such a way that the result or consequence is seen as a perfect acceptance by a single receptor. This perfect, clock-like arrangement of the human organ pairs prove the point that in order to achieve greater, faster, easier and more accurate results, sometimes it becomes necessary to break up functions or decentralize so that there is greater efficiency in performance. Law, a study and practice followed by both, solicitors and barristers, has a great historical origin. (Symmetry in homes)1. The legal code began to take shape and take roots as early as the 8th century BC when the Greeks first became a world power and a with a firm, military discipline, laid the foundations of a system of law which was initially draconian. However, it was superseded by a more methodical and humane system by Solon. Finding themselves in confusion due to violent revolt by the people, the oligarchy called upon Solon, known for his wisdom and uprightness, to establish a rule of law. Following a course of a difficult, bloody period of wars and dissension, Solon drafted an all-encompassing legal code which found favor with the oligarchy. (A History of Ancient Greece)2 The Romans were responsible for improving upon the Spartan laws and many of our modern legal concepts were founded by them. They were the first to acknowledge that the citizenry had certain rights and actively pursued means to voice these rights to their people. Civil laws, contract laws, property and personal rights, use of evidence in a court of law, use of a legal will, are some of the legal concepts brought into being by the Romans. (Legal Concepts Based on the Ancient Romans)3. Lawyers Lawyers are called by many names - notably advocates, attorneys, barristers, counselors, solicitors, notaries. A lawyer or attorney at law is an individual licensed by the state to advise clients in legal matters and represent them in courts of law and other legal agencies. Most countries today require professional law advisors in their juridical systems. Different countries have different systems and practices based on which the lawyers are classified. For instance, lawyers are invariably referred to as attorneys or counselors in the USA. In England, the system is more elaborately laid out where the functions for barristers and solicitors are specified. Elsewhere too, the functions are divided and laid out in such manner as is beneficial for speedier and fairer dispensation of justice. Many countries also follow the law system where a person who is not a qualified lawyer could be empanelled as a member of the jury on the strength of his or her social and professional standing. In countries like India, persons with a good history of social service, irrespective of his educational qualificatio ns, are designated as "special magistrates" and allowed to settle certain local disputes. Of course, these are only so at the lower levels where it would be otherwise very difficult to cope with pending cases. (Lawyers, Nature of the work)4. Coming back to the United States, almost anyone can be an attorney. And in this situation, an attorney is similar to an agent, a person who has been formally empowered by someone else to act on behalf of the principal. Lawyers are "attorneys at

Analysis and Evaluation of Current Curricula to Improve Student Coursework

Analysis and Evaluation of Current Curricula to Improve Student Learning and Success - Coursework Example nificant impacts to the overall development of the students both academically and socially, hence the need for the assessment and the need for simultaneous transformational within the institution’s curriculum. As such, this manuscript will assess the curriculum of Centervale University, and evaluate the diversity aspects of the courses, and thereby propose transformational measures, endeavored at improving diversity. The manuscript will look into the community college section of the institution. The college section’s mission is to produce competent graduates that are well acquainted with academic, as well as social aspects, suitable for the job market. The institution’s vision is to advance its courses that include sciences, arts and other courses while incorporating the social aspects that promote diversity to place them for employment (Lindsay & Blanchett, 2011). The document employs the Comprehensive Curriculum Assessment Plan (CCAP) model to review both the academic and other curricula aspects of the college, in its endeavor to improve diversity. From the assessment, various elements are critical within the organization. It is evident that numerous universities across the region (including Centervale build their curricula, with a key consideration of the local students. This aspect disregards the facts that, owing to development and expansion, these institutions ought to grow, thereby creating a significant gap for the diverse students they ought to enroll (Basit & Tomlinson, 2012). This creates significant challenges to the foreign students and gives unwarranted advantages to the locals. As such, the foreign students experience bias, and this elicits discrimination, and hinders diversity, as it is evident in Centervale University. The University of Centervale does not incorporate enough courses that promote the diversity through the open admission of its various schools. This has critically affected diversity and equally among its growing number of

Associate Professor Essay Example for Free

Associate Professor Essay Teaching Note: Case 1 – Robin Hood Case Objectives 1. To provide an introduction to the conceptual framework of strategic management using a non-business situation. 2. To introduce students to the process of problem identification and potential solution analysis that will be used in case discussions throughout the semester. See the table below to determine where to use this case: |Chapter Use |Key Concepts | |1: Strategy Concept |Leadership for strategic management; sustainable competitive advantage; vision, mission, strategic objectives;| | |external environment; internal environment; efficiency vs. effectiveness; stakeholder management | Case Synopsis Robin Hood and his merry men are now in trouble because wealthy travelers (their source of revenue) are avoiding the forest. As is often common in an entrepreneurial organization, the Merry Men were highly motivated by Robin Hood’s leadership. Therefore, Robin had previously relied on informal communication to organize and implement operations. Robin is pleased with the growing size and influence of his organization. However, growth has meant that specialized duties have begun taking up most of the men’s time, leaving a command vacuum between Robin and the first line recruits. In addition, they are now all located in a large encampment that can be seen for miles. This creates the probability of a surprise attack on their position. Growth has also put great pressures on resources, so now they must harvest the forest more thoroughly. Where will additional revenue come from? Rich travelers are avoiding the forest, so in desperation Robin is considering robbing the poorer travelers, which means his lieutenants must now tell their men to rob their brothers and fathers. What started as a  rebellion is in danger of being routinized into banditry. Robin must therefore begin to evaluate the Merry Men’s mission in view of the changing environment. Should it still be an extension of his private grudges and aspirations? Has the organization acquired a new mission, if so what is it? Who are the key stakeholders here? On whose behalf should the organization formulate its mission! Teaching Plan Most students are familiar with the Robin Hood story, so it’s possible to ask them to read this short case in class during the 1st or 2nd class meeting. Either use the PowerPoint slides or ask the discussion questions directly. As students respond, either write answers on the board or refer to the PowerPoint slide answers. It’s up to the instructor whether or not to assign Chapter 1 prior to discussing the case. If the case is read before the chapter is read, then the instructor has the option to ask students, when they do read the chapter, to identify the concepts in the chapter that they recognize from the case discussion, and come to the next class prepared to share what they recognized. If the case is discussed after students have read Chapter 1, the instructor can ask students to identify what concepts apply from the chapter. Summary of Discussion Questions Here is a list of the suggested discussion questions. You can decide which questions to assign, and also which additional readings or exercises to include to augment each discussion. Refer back to the Case Objectives Table to identify any additional readings and/or exercises so they can be assigned in advance. 1. What is strategy? 2. What strategic problems does Robin Hood have? 3. What is the role of the organizational leader as strategist and articulator of global goals? 4. What are some issues in this organization’s external environment? 5. What is the relationship of the organization’s internal structure to its environment? 6. How do group values or culture influence strategy making? 7. What strategy can Robin Hood implement? Discussion Questions and Responses Chapter 1: Introduction and Analyzing Goals and Objectives 1. What is the purpose of strategy? See Chapter 1, Exhibit 01: Strategic management consists of the analyses, decisions, and actions an organization undertakes in order to create and sustain competitive advantages: †¢ strategy directs the organization toward overall goals and objectives; †¢ includes multiple stakeholders in decision making; †¢ incorporates both short-term and long-term perspectives; †¢ recognizes trade-offs between efficiency and effectiveness. An interesting question that the instructor can ask at this point is: what business is Robin Hood’s organization in? Some students might say philanthropy, some might say robbery. The answers to this question will help students understand the importance of vision and mission: the leader must have a clear idea of the purpose of the business, and who it competes with, in order to craft strategy. If the business is robbery, there are different competitors, like highwaymen. 2. What strategic problems does Robin Hood have? Robin Hood’s organization is in a profit squeeze: revenue is down and costs are rising. In addition, there are cracks in the culture of the organization. Issues that need to be addressed include: †¢ How to avoid detection of the growing organization? †¢ Has Sherwood Forest become too small to sustain operations? †¢ What to do about the growing strength of the Sheriff’s forces? †¢ How to address organizational communications and leadership confusion? Decisions that need to be made include: †¢ Should Robin Hood kill the Sheriff? †¢ Should Robin Hood accept the Baron’s offer to join in freeing King Richard? †¢ Should Robin Hood impose a fixed transit tax in order to increase revenue? Consequences to be considered include: †¢ Does the change in the external environment mean that the original mission is no longer valid? †¢ If Robin Hood decides to kill the Sheriff, accept the Baron’s offer or impose a tax on travelers, how do each of those actions link to the mission? †¢ If the mission changes, to what degree does Robin Hood have to worry about the loyalty of stakeholders? One other issue concerns the rapid growth of the organization. In the space of two years the organization grew from fragmentation and obscurity to a strong regional presence. Competitive strategy is about sustaining a position in the industry. Growth implies that strategy has to be flexible enough to adapt. Does Robin have a sustainable strategy? 3. What is the role of the organizational leader as strategist and articulator of global goals? See Chapter 1, Exhibit 06: The primary role of the organizational leader is to articulate vision, mission and strategic objectives. Leaders must also be  proactive, anticipate change and continually refine changes to their strategies. This requires a certain level of â€Å"ambidextrous behavior†, where leaders are alert to opportunities beyond the confines of their own jobs, and are also cooperative and seek out opportunities to combine their efforts with others. Robin Hood needs to evaluate his initial vision of the organization’s purpose: what was the original goal that was â€Å"massively inspiring, overarching, and long-term†, that represented a destination that is driven by and evokes passion? Is the original vision irreconcilable with the present circumstances? Robin Hood’s organizational mission may have to change: a mission encompasses both the purpose of the company as well as the basis for competition and competitive advantages. Organizations must respond to multiple constituencies if they are to survive and prosper, and the mission provides a means of communicating to diverse organizational stakeholders. If the vision and mission have to change, Robin Hood must establish strategic objectives to operationalize the mission statement. That is, objectives help to provide guidance on how the organization can fulfill or move toward the â€Å"higher goals† in the goal hierarchy—the mission and vision. Therefore, Robin Hood needs to redefine the organizational vision and mission since it may have changed rebellion may have become routinized into banditry. He must also identify the key stakeholders, broadening his focus beyond his own private grudge to include the needs of the district, the region, or the nation. And he must establish new goals. Depending on the stakeholders, these new goals may include replacing the Sheriff or changing the political order. 4. What are some issues in this organization’s external environment? There are obvious resource constraints. Sherwood Forest has finite resources: the inputs into the organization (travelers to rob) have dwindled, especially since the rich travelers have started avoiding it. Robin Hood’s band are spending past gains on present problems in the assumption that  future revenues will continue to grow at the same pace as in the past. This assumption, one that is often pervasive in successful organizations, may be unwarranted. The Merry Men are reduced to robbing poorer travelers. The poor travelers are their main stay of political support. Here is a common pitfall of success, the tendency of organizations to take their best and most important customers for granted, to extract from them the highest return for least effort in the belief that they have no practical alternative. In addition, trained manpower is scarce. Regarding the physical environment, the current growth of the organization has created a large encampment that can be seen for miles, and is therefore now a target for attack. The nature of the Merry Mens environment and operations requires stealth and flexibility. The current physical facility does not provide for this. 5. What is the relationship of the organization’s internal structure to its environment? See the Chapter discussion of the trade-offs between effectiveness and efficiency. Given the growth of the operation, Robin Hood’s previous structure may no longer be effective. He may no longer be able to achieve the goals of the organization. He might need to make trade-offs. His current structure is functional, with each lieutenant a specialist. Communication has been informal, and Robin currently has no direct link to his first line recruits. This structure performed well in the early days of the band. However, with the growth of the organization, this has become problematic, resulting in lack of coordination. His lieutenants could do double time as staff and line personnel: fulfilling their staff duties in off-peak periods, but available for line duty during field operations. Robin might want to consider creating a decentralized regional operation, with sub-bands who can operate out of smaller regional headquarters and better coordinate movements. This will increase flexibility of the total organization by moving the organizing of operations closer to those who undertake them. This will also reduce the chance of attack because then only  part of the band might be detected and surprised. Decentralization also pushes food-gathering down the line, thereby eliminating food distribution problems. Small scale operations can be carried out with greater economy. 6. How do group values or culture influence strategy making? During strategic analysis, the leader does â€Å"advance work† to anticipate unforeseen environmental developments, identify unanticipated resource constraints, assess changes in his or her preferences for how to manage. During strategy formation, depending on the type of organization structure, the leader might include key individuals in a discussion around selecting which strategies might be best to implement at which level within the organization. In strategy implementation, the leader must ensure proper strategic controls and organizational design, and establish effective means to coordinate and integrate activities within the firm as well as with suppliers, customers and alliance partners. Therefore, leaders must pay attention to all stakeholder needs, including the group’s values and the organizational culture. See Chapter 1, Exhibit 05 for the diverse stakeholder groups and the claims they make on the organization. Regarding the organizational culture, it was based on founding values that embraced a missionary outreach to the community. The original purpose created unity and a spirit of daring among the Merry Men. Robin is considering abandoning the higher (more affluent) segment of his market for a deeper exploitation of a very large segment with limited resources. Here he runs up against organizational traditions and values. If Robin pursues profit maximization now (robbing all travelers, including the poor), the group will become thieves. Group members will resist stealing from their brothers and fathers. Robin needs to restore the group members’ need for order and purpose. The Merry Men need to feel that their participation is quasi-voluntary. 7. What strategy can Robin Hood implement? The basic question strategic management tries to answer is: How can we create competitive advantages in the marketplace that are not only unique and valuable but also difficult for competitors to copy or substitute? Robin Hood must assess how functional areas and activities â€Å"fit together† to achieve goals and objectives. If the organization is still Robins extension of a personal grudge, then displacing the Sheriff should be the primary mission of the Merry Men. If the organization is acting on behalf of the district then replacing the Sheriff with a more benign administration should be the priority. If however the Merry Mens existence is an expression of widespread dissatisfaction with the present political order, then Robin should consider his potential contributions on a national scale. An analysis of the options confronting Robin ought to lead the students to question the criteria by which strategy is judged. Who is the actor in strategy? The chief executive officer? Top management? A coalition of stakeholders? There is clearly no theoretical answer to these questions. A discussion ought to set the ground for an appreciation of the political and structural forces under which strategy emerges. Robin should have a meeting with the Merry Men to explain the strategic dilemma and long-term issues. He needs to increase organizational discipline, which could be done by creating a clearer organizational structure with strategic controls that enforce the mission. To do this, he needs to recruit qualified leaders for the new decentralized structure, and involve lieutenants in the solution. It is always an issue – which functions should be decentralized and which retained at the corporate level. In this case intelligence gathering and finance should probably be kept centralized. It is crucial for the students to appreciate the contradictory pressures that implementation generates. The new decentralized structure will call for more intricate communication and command systems. It increases flexibility, but also increases the probability of breakdown and mismanagement. In this case runners must keep the various sub-bands in communication. This is a primitive technology that may be insufficient to ensure coordination. An  opportunity exists here for the students to appreciate to what extent sophisticated organizational forms are made possible by modern technologies which are ordinarily taken for granted. While restructuring is going on Robin must begin to consider other aspects of his strategy. He should examine the possibility of diversifying beyond the confines of his traditional forest territory. This is viable if he is decentralized. Operations can be carried on in the countryside by the autonomous sub-bands. He must also resolve the issue of the proposed transit tax. What should be his relationship to the local population? Should he increase their burden of taxation, or not? Robin must also prepare for the possibility of ceasing operations by providing outplacement training. He should pursue alliances beyond the current band of Merry Men, negotiating a possible change in the political order, negotiating amnesty, returning the band to legality. He should probably avoid contact with the Sheriff! Finally, Robin should recognize that mistakes will occur. Therefore he should anticipate the costs of implementation, especially the problems of extended communication. Robin must familiarize his lieutenants with his intentions and the projected problems. They must actively become involved in the evolving implementation. Ultimately, however, Robin Hood must consider the long-term course of action. If the Merry Men were a profit-maximizing organization in the classic sense they would be satisfied with keeping the Sheriff off balance; or perhaps work towards his replacement with a more inexperienced man. They are however a missionary organization. To pursue profit maximizing would sooner or later lead them to thievery, pure and simple. It would also undermine their unity and spirit of daring. Robin Hood has little choice but to increase his involvement in issues that lie beyond his immediate task environment.

History Of Airplanes And How It Changed World History Essay

History Of Airplanes And How It Changed World History Essay There are many discoveries throughout history that changed the world in many ways, the internet, electricity, semiconductors, just to name a few. This paper will explore one of such discoveries that had significantly changed the world, the discovery of airplanes. The history of airplanes and how it evolved exponentially intrigued most aviation enthusiast in just over few decades. The impact of this discovery is felt in the lives of all human beings, be directly or indirectly. The inter-link of this effect can be felt almost in all industry types starting from travel and tourism, satellite and communication, business and commerce, etc. Airplanes are now the preferred solution for long distance travel and thousands of flights are operated in airports around the world every day, for example approximately 65 million passengers were transported through Heathrow airport alone in 2009 (European Commission, EroStats). Airplanes beginning It all began following the letter that was written by Wilbur Wright in 1899. The letter was sent to the Smithsonian Institution; Wilbur was requesting information about flight experiments. After gathering the required information, the brothers Wilbur and Orville spent a lot of time in research. According to Marry Bellis (2010) The Wright brothers spent a great deal of time observing birds in flight. Due to the time spent on observing birds, the brothers noticed that the shape of the birds wing helped in increasing lift and birds also changed their wings shape in order to maneuver while flying. Based on the birds technique of flying, Wilbur and Orville started applying these techniques into their experiment to have control on their glider invention. Many hours were put in research followed by testing period, The Wright brothers designed and built many gliders in order to implement their solutions for controlling their gliders. After many trial and errors, they built the first piloted glider in 1900. According to Marry Bellis (2010) the Wrights successfully tested their new 50-pound Biplane glider with its 17-foot wing span and wing-wrapping mechanism, at Kitty hawk . The wing wrapping mechanism is utilized the techniques of birds by changing the shape of the wing. The application in this type of wing was accomplished by arching the wings tips to either increase lift or maneuver the glider. It was then considered a big success at Kitty Hawk, the Wrights later built another glider with 22-foot wingspan weighing nearly 100 pounds. In this glider they used a front elevator to control it. However, this turned out to be a failure. The front elevator did not allow the wings in this glider to provide sufficient lift. The failure of this glider in 1901 caused huge disappointment for the brothers. Despite the failure in their last glider the Wrights reviewed their test results and determined that the calculations they had were not reliable Marry-B (2010). In order to assure that they obtain accurate results Wilbur and Orville decided to build a wing tunnel. The wing tunnel enabled them to test many different shapes of wings and compare the lift force between different wing types and shapes. This method of wing testing provided the brothers with great understanding of wings and their performances and behaviors. It is also considered the turning point that led the brothers to their later achievement. Till now wind tunnels are used to test anything related to aerodynamics like planes, wings and cars. As a result of this testing method, the brothers designed and built a new glider with 32-foot wingspan and added a tail to their glider to stabilize and control it. Having this glider, the brothers were able to verify the wing tunnels results and added some minor modifications to the ir last design. After the success of the last glider, the Wright brothers took their research and flying experiments to a higher level. Wilbur and Orville finally decided to design and manufacture a powered aircraft. This however required more research on how to gain thrust and oppose the drag force while providing sufficient lift simultaneously. The lift issue was resolved from previous experiments however the brothers had to do massive studying on propellers and motors. According to Mary B. (2010) after months of studying how propellers work, the Wright brothers designed a motor and a new aircraft sturdy enough to accommodate the motors weight and vibrations . In 1903, the brothers tested their first heavier than air powered aircraft at Kitty Hawk North Carolina. The Wrights used a railway going downhill to give the aircraft enough wing speed for takeoff. After two failed attempts, Orville Wright successfully flew the powered aircraft for 12 seconds on December 17, 1903. The powered aircraft was known as the Flyer. Following this huge success the brothers managed to develop the Flyer design. In the following year, in 1904, the brothers tested the Flyer II model. According to The Wright brothers(n.a.) (n.d.) by 1904 they had improved their 1903 design to the point that they were able to remain aloft of longer period of time while controlling their craft well enough to complete a circle-landing near the spot where they had taken off (n.p.). The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright, who was capable of remaining aloft for more than five minutes. In addition, the Wright brothers did not stop their contribution to the Aviation industry after introducing Flyer II. They dedicated the rest of their lives in advancing aircraft designs. According to The Wright Brothers (2003) Orville spent much of his time after Wilburs death trying to protect the patent rights to their aviation technology. He contributed little to the advancement of aviation designs after the 1920s and died after suffering a heart attack in 1948 (n.p.). Airplanes Development During the Wright brothers era, there was another ambitious aeronautical engineer, Donald Wills Douglas. Donald was the first to receive a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT) (UXL Newsmakers) (2005). After Donald graduated from MIT, he started his career at Connecticut Aircraft Company in 1915. In that same year he joined Glenn L. Martins aircraft firm as chief engineer (UXL Newsmakers) (2005). Eventually Donald started his own firm Douglas Company. He first wanted to manufacture an aircraft that was able to fly across the United States nonstop; this aircraft was known as the Cloudster. According to the UXL newsmakers (2005) the Cloudster never made it fully cross-country, but it was the first plane capable of lifting a payload equal to its own weight (N.P). The most famous among the Douglass designs are the DC series. For example the DC-3 in 1936, was considered to be a huge breakthrough in aircraft manufacturin g. The DC-3 was capable of absorbing 21 passengers and cruising at speed of 190 mph. The UXL Newsmakers (2005) quoted it was so successful that within 2 years after it first appeared, it was carrying 95 percent of the nations civil air traffic (N.P). During world war II DC-3 and DC-4 were widely used for military transport. Later Donald developed the DC-4 design to come up with the DC-6 and DC-7. The DC-7 was the first aircraft that was permitted to fly nonstop from coast to coast. In the 1960s, Douglas designed the jet propelled DC-8 before it ended up merging with McDonnell Aircraft Company in 1967. According to UXL Newsmakers (2005), the site of original Douglas company plant is now the museum of flying (n.p.). On the contrary, the Douglas Companys planes were not the first commercial airliners. In 1909 a German airline initiated which was considered to be the first commercial airline in the world. The airline was called Deutsche Luftschiffahrt Aktien Gesellschaft (DELAG). However the DELAG company did not use DC series airplanes. According to Asif Siddiqi (2010) the company used one of the large airships built by Ferdinand Graf Von Zeppelin(n.p.). The DELAG company carried passengers from 1910 to 1914 and stopped during World War I and then continued from 1919 to 1920. This airline was used for carrying wealthy citizens and foreigners to fly across German cities. From the time the Write Brothers invented their first aircraft 1903 to the point when a public commercial flight was done was considered quite an achievement. It took only seven years from the Wrights first Flyer I to come up with a commercial airplane. According to Bengtson Tom (2003) It is interesting that 10 years after that historic first flight, only about two dozen of the worlds 3,700 aircraft where owned by Americans. This shows how the whole world was interested in the aviation field and also how it developed so fast. In addition, after the Wright Brothers big achievement, in 1908 a Bousson-Borgins aircraft was built by Aeroplanes Voisin it was powered by a Renault propeller engine, Christopher P Clark (n.p. 12-2005). However what really gave the aviation industry a boost was World War I. Since the war proved that aircrafts can be effective in war, governments rushed in improving airplanes in order to have up to date attacking techniques. There are many milestones that are to be considered when talking about airplane developments. After the Wright Brothers first flight many aeronautical engineers were interested in flying and started to improve in the Wrights design. For example, Glenn Hammond curtiss, who in the spring of 1910 completed a 243- kilometer public flight along the Hudson River from Albany, NY, to Manhattan Seth Shulman (2002). One of the important milestones in aviation is introducing the jet engine. The jet propelled engine was introduced first by Sir Frank Whittle who was the first to register a patent for the jet engine in 1930. Another contributor to the jet engine is a German aircraft designer, Dr. Hans Von Ohain who introduced his model of the jet engine in 1934. However, according to Mary Bellis (2010) Hans Von Ohains jet was the first to fly in 1939. Although the jet engines were designed in different years yet both Hans and Franks designs are similar in basic concept, yet differ in internal arra ngement. The next milestone is a consequence of the jet engine, which is the first commercial jet plane. According to Tony Long (2007) 1952: A de Havilland Comet, flying for British Overseas Airways Corporation, becomes the first jet aircraft to enter commercial service, carrying passengers from London to Johannesburg, South Africa. Prior to introducing the first commercial jetliner, there was a remarkable advancement to aviation which is breaking the sound barrier. It was not until October 14, 1947 that mankind could fly faster than sound. Chuck Yeager an American Air Force pilot was the first man to fly faster than sound, in his XS-1 aircraft. According to Cathy Booth Thomas (n.d.) His XS-1 had accelerated to Mach 1.06, or 700 m.p.h. The Mach number is a ratio that is the speed of the aircraft divided by the speed of sound. Consequently aerospace and aeronautical Engineers were able to design a shuttle that landed on the moon in 1959. Breaking the sound barrier is considered to be huge breakthrough in aviation history and lead to other advancements other than the space shuttle. For example the Concorde aircraft which is a commercial airplane that can exceed the speed of sound. Figure 1 illustrates the major milestones of aviation and how quick it grew. Some major milestones in aviation history Fig. #1 Airplanes impact on our world Throughout history there were some major discoveries that were followed by a huge impact on the world like inventing the wheel, for example and computers, internet, and many more. The invention of airplanes is also considered as one of mankinds huge step forward in many ways. The Wright Brothers did not only introduce the first powered aircraft, yet they also launched the world into the aviation field. The brothers first flew in December 17, 1903 and within a few decades aircrafts were used in wars, for transport over the world, and even reached the moon. Aircrafts have really affected our lives in many different ways. According to Heather Whipps (2008) the brothers made four flights that day, the last one soaring 852 feet and lasting almost one minute, launching the world into aviation age for good. However, it is unfair to give the Wright Brothers full credit for all these achievements, because airplanes developed like anything else each new achievement was building up on previous achievements. Aircrafts are considered to be a highly tactical weapon in war. It is also number one for long distance traveling and is widely used. Many people today see air travel as a normal routine in their lives. However airplanes also have their drawbacks such as pollution. Furthermore, airplanes have affected many aspects of our lives, more importantly it really changed the course of war. Before people used invade each other by guns and travel the long distance by ships with the whole army. Now, there is no need for the whole army just a fleet of airplanes can invade a whole country. However this is depending on whether or not the other country has anti-aircraft devices or not. Airplanes are now used for bombing and surveillance during war. According to Cody Hodge (n.d.) the plane allowed us to drop a bomb on Hiroshima instead of having to invade the island. It was because of the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki that lead to the United States victory in World War II, and if it wasnt for airplanes it would not be possible to drop an atomic bomb. This is an example of how airplanes changed the world. In addition, another aspect that was affected by airplanes is the pollution that is caused by airplanes all around the world. Airplanes are usually a source of different kinds of pollution. First is the most common which is air pollution, then comes noise pollution, and finally water pollution. Airplanes emit toxic gases while flying and especially during landing and takeoff. These gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, demolish the ozone layer leading to global warming. However, according to David Holzman (1997) ground access vehicles such as passengers cars and buses just entering and leaving the airport often exceed airplanes as the dominant sources of air pollution at airports. Another kind of pollution caused by airplanes is noise pollution. Usually airplanes are very loud during landing and takeoff, which it makes it uncomfortable and also unhealthy to live near an airport. Finally, airplanes also cause some water pollution. In winter there are chemicals used to de-f reeze airplanes, in airports. After de freezing they dump these toxic chemicals into water ways which causes water pollution, (David Holzman) (1997). With any new invention there are many advantages and disadvantages. Airplanes may have some disadvantages like harming people, pollution, and spreading diseases like SARS. However, the advantages overcome the disadvantages. Airplanes have really made the world an easier place to live in. now you can go across the world in just hours, while it took our ancestors months. Airplanes have also contributed to improving many economies and there are many jobs that would not be there if it was not for airplanes, like pilots and aircraft technicians. However, the disadvantages like pollution can be neglected since gas emissions in airplanes per passengers are low considered to car emissions per passenger. Furthermore, many consider that the designs of airplanes and what aviation reached so far are all credited to the Wright Brothers. Although the Wright Brothers were the first to fly a heavier than air aircraft, yet they also took the use of the knowledge that was already there from the Smiths onian Institution on lift and gliders. Airplanes development was on the same method engineers took what the Brothers have done and improved it like Donald Douglas, Chuck Yeager, and many others. Therefore it is not reasonable to credit what aviation has reached so far to the Wright Brothers.

Free Yellow Wallpaper Essays: Physical and Mental Abuse :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

Physical and Mental Abuse in The Yellow Wallpaper What is Abuse? Abuse is not just being hit. Abuse is any action that is harmful or controlling and that affects the well being of another person. Many people use the term "Abuse" to signify physical abuse, but there are many more ways of abusing someone than beating them. Physical abuse is the most horrifying and most noticeable of them all, but it is only one of the many types of abuse. Here are some of the names for different categories of abuse: Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Psychological and Verbal abuse, Forced confinement, abuse towards pets or property, Financial abuse, and Child abuse. The two abuses that I will be focusing on will be physical and mental abuse. I decided to pick the topic of abuse after viewing the movie The Yellow Wall- paper. After watching the movie and seeing how badly Mary Wollstonecraft was treated, it made me want to know more about abuse on women and what could be done to break the chain of abuse. I believe that no abuse is acceptable and that any man that has ever abused a woman in anyway should face major consequences. That is my main point to this paper, that the laws are not strong enough and that more effort should be done so that no women is ever abused in anyway shape or form again. To start, I will give some statistics about police and how they handle calls from wives that have been abused. "Police were more likely to respond within five minutes if the offender was a stranger than if an offender was known to the female victim" ("Response"1). Also, it has been recorded that once a women in Boston called in that her husband had beaten her and the policeman's response was, "Listen, lady, he pays the bills, does n't he? What he does inside of his house is his business"(Straus, Gelles, and Steinmetz 301). With a response like this, why even bother calling the police. That is why we must come together and start over from the inside out. We need to make every one in any position of power know that any abuse on women is wrong. The truth is that, "90% of all family violence defendants are never prosecuted, and one-third of the cases that would be considered felonies if committed by strangers are filed as misdemeanors (a lesser crime)" ("Response"1).

The Sign of the Loincloth: Jeremiah (13:1-11) :: essays research papers fc

The Sign of the Loincloth: Jeremiah (13:1-11)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first eleven verses of chapter thirteen of Jeremiah are a very distinctive portion of an already unique book. Jeremiah’s vision of the sign of the loincloth is an affluent passage whose depth cannot be fully understood without a proper exegetical exploration. I intend on doing an exegesis on this passage of Jeremiah. The language and symbols used held significance easily understood by the original audience, yet are difficult to comprehend by modern audiences. The main significance of this piece is not the ruin of the people of Judah, rather the lack of an offering of hope which usually accompanies the prophecies and visions of Jeremiah. The complexity of the passage, coupled with the depth of scholarly research accompanying it make it a challenging, yet fulfilling passage for a deeper exegetical study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The prophet Jeremiah prophesied for a long period of time. Most scholars agree that the dates for the career of Jeremiah begin sometime around 630 BC and end sometime very soon after the fall of Judah to the Babylonians in 586 BC. The book of Jeremiah is a composition highlighting this long career spanning numerous years and an equally numerous number of monarchs. J.A. Thompson, in his commentary on Jeremiah, highlights that the dates for this passage are hard to narrow down, yet many scholars align with one particular interpretation. He believes that the date for the opening passage of chapter thirteen occurred sometime around the battle of Carchemish in 605 B.C. After this battle, Jehoiakim, King of Judah, shifted his main alliance from Egypt to Nebuchadreaazr of Babylon. His logic for this date is very sound. Overman 2 He indicated that the nature of the piece is representative of a shift of both power and allegiance. During this time period, Babylon and to some extent Assyria re-emerged as the predominant powers in the Ancient Near East. The re-emergence of Babylon as the dominant nation brought them into a closer connection with the kingdom of Judah, thereby bringing the Babylonian dominance into the forefront of Jewish thought, especially for the prophetic faction. The greatest concern for the prophets, including Jeremiah, would have been the return of the Babylonian gods Baal and Asheroth to the forefront of Jewish worship. The Jewish people, particularly the kingdom of Judah, had long rotated their allegiance between Yahwehistic worship and the worship of Babylonian fertility gods. Thompson argues, and is agreed with by many scholars including J.